The Products Of Gender Stereotypes And Concepts Of Alpha...

The Vicario brothers are portrayed as the products of gender stereotypes and concepts of ‘alpha male’, and it is evident that they have been forced by society to kill a man, but this by itself does not represent a strong critique against machismo as the only consequences seen are a restricted individuality and freedom, and an act that was probably not seen as immoral by the readers at that time. In order to make a strong, effective critique against machismo, Garcia Marquez describes the murder as a traumatizing experience and explains its numerous negative impacts. The murder itself is described using harrowing imagery such as a ‘spurt of blood under high pressure [soaking] his shirt’ (p. 120), Santiago’s ‘intestines [exploding] out’ (p. 121) and the ‘viscera in the sunlight, clean and blue’ (p. 121). This use of disturbing images involves the readers in the grisly, traumatizing experience. The diction describing the brothers , with words such as ‘pale’ (p. 109, p. 110) ‘haggard’ (p. 109), ‘scared’ (p. 119), ‘desperate’ (p. 119) and ‘twisted with horror’ (p. 119), shows that the brothers are negatively affected by the assassination. The reader empathises with the trauma-like feelings of the brothers and pities them, and receives the message that machismo does not have benefits as everyone becomes its victim. After the assassination, the Vicario brothers display symptoms consistent with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, which shows the extent to which they are negatively

Islam A Monotheistic Religion - 1505 Words

Modern Challenges Paper Islam is a monotheistic religion taking into account disclosures got by the prophet Muhammad in the seventh century A.D., which were later recorded in the Quran (or Koran), Islam s consecrated content. Islam has spread quickly during the time and today the religion is, by a few estimations, the biggest on the planet. Devotees of Islam are called Muslims. The Arabic word Islam signifies accommodation, mirroring the confidence s focal precept of submitting to Allah. Islamic practices are compressed by the Five Pillars of Islam: confidence, supplication to God, fasting, journey and aid (The Religion of Muhammad, 2015). Common Characteristics that Islam shares with other Religions Most religions incorporate faith in the extraordinary (spirits, divine beings, God) or confidence in some other Ultimate Reality past, yet joined with, human experience and presence. Religions of the West, Judaism, Christianity and Islam experience some normal qualities or attributes that recognize them from different religions in this world.1) faith in one god, confidence in direct history, and faith in a hallowed scripture (the book).These regular peculiarities tie the three conventions of the West together. They impart numerous comparative thoughts. Among those imparted are: One god made the universe and alongside it the start of time and that one god will end the universe. Every human has a spirit and at the demise of the body the spirit should separate from the bodyShow MoreRelatedIslam, A Monotheistic Religion1290 Words   |  6 Pages Islam, a monotheistic religion, means submitting one’s will to Allah’s will. When Allah created the Universe, He did not invite a nyone to challenge His creation. Allah has a purpose for everything He creates, therefore He does not need to explain what He does to His creation. Allah has sent messengers to convey to the human kind what is legal and illegal for them. He gave His creation different abilities; however, He has given humans the ability to obey or disobey Him. Among the messengers thatRead MoreIslam Is A Monotheistic Religion2152 Words   |  9 Pages Islam is a monotheistic religion that is based on the teachings of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) as â€Å"an expression of surrender to the will of Allah (God), the creator and sustainer of the world† (qtd. in â€Å"Islam†). In order to fully understand the religion, one must understand the history, the beliefs, and the followers of Islam. Islam is known as the most misunderstood religion in the world due to events that have occurred since the development of the religion and some of the actions of people whoRead MoreIslam : A Monotheistic Re ligion Essay1301 Words   |  6 PagesIslam is a monotheistic religion that was founded in Saudi Arabia during the seventh century AD. The belief stems from a man who lived from 570 AD to 632 known as Muhammad, he is known to be the last prophet of god to Muslims. In contrast to Christian beliefs, Jesus, like Muhammad, was a messenger for the word of God, who is better known as â€Å"Allah†. In comparison with both Christianity and Judaism, Islam takes prophets from both religions; Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, and Jesus, and apply it to theirRead MoreIslam : A Monotheistic Religion1705 Words   |  7 Pages Islam is a monotheistic religion that is based on the belief and worship of Allah (swt) and that Muhammad is his messenger. Islam is also the word that comes from the root word (salma) which means peaceful submission to Allah (swt). In the religion of Islam there are five pillars: Shahada (the Muslim profession of faith), Salah (prayer), seam (fasting), zakat (charity), and hajj (pilgrimage). In Islam we are informed about many things about the day of judgment which is the fifth pillar of ImanRead MoreWhat Is Islam? : The Monotheistic Religions Of Islam2261 Words   |  10 PagesWhat Is Islam? The monotheistic religion of Islam was developed in the Arabian Peninsula in the seventh century by the prophet Muhammad. Followers of this religion are called Muslims. To become a Muslim one simply has to confess â€Å"There is no one but God; and Muhammad is the Prophet of Allah†. (Sardar, 2007, p. 1). This is called the shahadah and creates the basis of the religion. God or Allah, is said to have sent messages through the angel Gabriel which were spoken to Muhammad in Arabic. TheseRead MoreIslam : An Abrahamic Monotheistic Religions1675 Words   |  7 PagesIslam is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion that believes that there is only one god, Allah. Today, it is one of the fastest-growing major religions in the world with over 1.6 billion followers which makes up 23% of the population. The great religion had a modest beginning and preserved to spread and become the force that it is today. Most historians believe that Islam originated in Mecca and Medina in the beginning of the 7th century. The religion was first established by the prophet Muhammad whomRead MoreThe World Monotheistic Religions Of Islam, Christianity, And Judaism981 Words   |  4 Pages The third world monotheistic religions of Islam, Christianity, and Judaism, do share this imperative about loving God/Allah with all the mind, heart, soul, and strength, and love one’s neighbor as oneself, which do indeed run contrary to the adversarial processes of managing conflict in the American legal system. It is evident in a litigation situation in a courtroom or in a dispute resolution forum, may it be negotiation, mediation, or arbitration, the two parties locked in argument, debate, andRead MoreIslam, Heavenly Admission, A Monotheistic Religion Of Spiritual1990 Words   |  8 Pages Islam, heavenly admission is a monotheistic religion of spiritual fact, internal well-lit, of love, of human brotherhood and social fairness. Open to all races and all peoples without distinction, to men and women all countries and all ages, whatever the degree of their knowledge and the rank of their fortune. It implies faith in a unique and absolute God and the mission of His Messenger, Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) which he chose for transmitting its message (Qur’an)Read MoreMonotheistic religions, especially Judaism, Christianity, and Islam promote the belief in One God;1600 Words   |  7 PagesMonotheistic religions, especially Judaism, Christianity, and Islam promote the belief in One God; all that exists is because of God. Through prophets and scripture, God portrays moral goodness and truth. Essentially, these three religions believe that God speaks to us, unveils God’s Being, and seeks to guide us through life. In turn, humans should embody the moral goodness and excellence that is revealed to us by God. These religions are taught based upon both scripture and reason. When readingRead MoreSimilarities of Judaism, Islam, and Chri stianity Essay986 Words   |  4 PagesSimilarities of Judaism, Islam and Christianity There are many religions today that people worship and adapt into their daily lives are their creed. Some may have a lot of gods, while some only have one god. But three of these religions are considered as the major religion practiced by most people in the world today. Although different in some senses in terms of history and other teachings, they all have things in common that most of their followers do not seem to realize. The similarities are

The Issue of Lowering of Legal Drinking Age Free Essays

Cody Schisnewski Final Draft 09/29/09 Period 1 A number of States in the U. S. are considering legislation to lower the legal drinking age from the current age of 21 to 18. We will write a custom essay sample on The Issue of Lowering of Legal Drinking Age or any similar topic only for you Order Now The move would defy a generation of federal law and public opinion in America which is strongly opposed to lowering the drinking age. In 1984, congress set the legal drinking age to 21 from 18, threatening to cut highway funding to states which did not comply, mostly to cut down on drunk driving deaths caused each year by drinking and driving. But advocates argue teenagers are going to drink anyway even if changed. Should the drinking age be lowered? In my opinion, the drinking age doesn’t need to be reduced to 18, the drinking laws need to be changed completely. I think there should be a public drinking age of 18, and a private or supervised drinking age of 12. This way, children (young adults) can be taught how to drink socially and responsibly from a young age, so alcohol isn’t such a mystery and there would be less attraction or desire to being able to drink when they turn 21 with there friends. Children need to be taught how to drink responsibly by there parents, and not by some irresponsible friends. And most parents wouldn’t have to worry about criminal charges or D. U. I. ’s because they chose to teach there children about drinking responsibly when they where younger. I have two very different opinions from two different people. Joel who is pro Age 21, from the Mothers Against Drunk Driving or MADD states â€Å"Back in the late 1960s and early 70s a number of states lowered their drinking age from 21 to 18. In many of these states, research documented a significant increase in highway deaths of the teens affected by these laws. After the law changed back to 21, many of the states were `monitored to check the difference in highway fatalities. Researchers found that teenage deaths in fatal car crashes dropped considerably in some cases up to 28% when the laws were moved back to 21. † (redblueamerica. com) Another person, Ben who is pro Age 18, from Radley Balkdo/Reason Group, has his own opinion, stating â€Å"It makes little sense that America considers an 18-year-old mature enough to marry, to sign a contract, to vote and to fight and die for his country, but not mature enough to decide whether or not to ave a beer. People that are for the drinking age of 21 primary argument is the dramatic drop in the number of alcohol-related traffic fatalities since the minimum age first passed Congress in 1984. † (redblueamerica. com) In conclusion, drinking, no matter what age, needs to be treated responsibly. To keep you and the life’s of others out of harms way. And never to drive while under the influence which can lead to serious property damage, other or self injury or in some cases even death. And like I said in the beginning, why don’t we look more into just changing are drinking laws to something completely different, if anything schools should start classes teaching students the danger of underage drinking and driving. This is a very complex argument and both side state very strong opinion and facts, who knows which one is right and which one is wrong, but what I do know is deaths cause by irresponsible drinking is very wrong and we should put all of are minds together to try and stop it from happening. How to cite The Issue of Lowering of Legal Drinking Age, Essay examples

Heineken Reverse Innovation Innovating for and from Emerging Market

Questions: a. Describe the fundamental issues in foreign market analysis for a firm like Heineken. b. Discuss the advantages or disadvantages for Heineken of exporting its beer from one country to another. c. Why is Heineken so focused on expanding its global sales? (To answer this question, you might wish to research the actions of the two biggest global brewers, Anheuser-Busch InBev and SABMiller.) d. Why is Heineken so focused on expanding its global sales? (To answer this question, you might wish to research the actions of the two biggest global brewers, Anheuser-Busch InBev and SABMiller.) e. Which markets offer Heineken the best prospects for revenue and profit growth? Are there any markets you would recommend that Heineken abandon? If so, why? Answers: Introduction: Thesis: The Business marketing strategy for Heineken NV to capture the worlds market. The purpose of the Paper: This paper will critically analyze the market scenario of Heineken, a worlds famous beer producer since 1864 (Torres, 2013). This paper will describe the fundamental issues in the foreign market while a company is expanding its sales in the global market. Overview of the paper: After SABMiller and Anheuser-Busch, Heineken NV is one of the worlds largest beer producers. It was founded in Amsterdam by Gerald Heineken in 1864. It sells out more beer outside of the US more. In all total Heineken sells beer to 170 countries of the European country, North and South America, Asia, Africa (Vargas-Hernandez, 2015). They also started to exports beer after the foundation of the company to Italy, France, Germany and France. Heineken continued to grow steadily and breweries over almost 50 countries. Also, Heineken merged his business with internet-based technology to manage all information about sales, promotions and distribution details. Even when they faced a drop in their sell Heineken made a strategy to establish his market again in US market. Body: Fundamental issues in foreign market analysis: Fundamental issues in the foreign market that are faced by Heineken while they are expanding largely are; increased cost of expenditure and religion based strategy (Crucini et al. 2011). The firm was very flourishing within a very few years after beginning because of its quality of product and right way of marketplace positioning and promotion of retailing initially in Europe, Far East and later on United States. Previous to World War-II in spite of Heineken success, it come to an end and its US operations during prohibition in 1933, it reestablished those operations, again surrendering Van MUNCHING. Company exclusive rights to introduce Heineken goods into the United States. Heineken has continued to grow gradually. It has breweries in over 50 countries. Some of the leading are in Canada and France. Its joint business enterprise with a leading Japanese brewer, Kirin, gives it a muscular presence in that key market. Heineken forcefully expanded in European market in 1980 considering the EUs rivalry of its common beer market and empower heavily in new internet based technology. Heineken has prepared one recent significant strategic decision to modify the Van Munching company to Heineken USA which has helped reduced costs and added additional profit. Heineken has made another significant investment for Muslim consumers by producing non alcoholic beer which has brought 1.3 billion Muslims consumers in the world to get pleasure from the Heineken Beer. Advantage and Disadvantage of Heinekens exporting strategy: Advantage: Almost immediately after the foundation of Heineken in 1864, it started to export beer to Italy, France, and Germany and up to the extreme East countries. Heineken brought the factory to make beer in France, Italy, Greece, and Ireland and to make bigger its product quantity and smooth the path of progress throughout the US (Ramamurti, 2012). 1920 the company ceased its export to USA due to ban, under which the sale, manufacture, and transportation of alcohol for consumption were banned nationally Heineken setup breweries in over 50 countries including Canada, Australia, New Guinea, France and Brazil. It got into Japanese market through joint venture with a leading Japanese brewer Kirin. Heineken Company got into Japanese market through joint business enterprise with a leading Japanese brewer Kirin. Heineken aggressively extended its market in Europe in 1980s to set up itself with overpowering market governance. Subsequently, it bought breweries in Greece, Italy, Ireland, and Spain and thereby stretched its product lines and services of distribution throughout Europe. But interestingly Heineken did not setup any brewery in USA, taking lessons from Miller, a distributor of Lowenbrau in US market, importing from Germany In 2002 Heineken bought Egypts brewery, Al Ahram Beverage Co. after that, in 2003 onward it started selling abroad nonalcoholic beer in Muslim World, a accepted product of Al Ahram and captured the large unexploited market. Disadvantage: Heineken has courageously endeavored into international marketplaces and up to now has been a huge success. It has ended with right assessments and has gone on to position to be the third largest company as beer producer. Not simply it is a big product seller in Europe, but also in Northern and Southern part of America, Asia, and Africa also. The key problems facing Heineken on the subject of international licensing, it is the fact that people may not get the Heineken beer as it was prior to the new product. People's observation can be a significant factor in the success or collapse of globally manufactured goods that is brewed locally (Samiee, 2013). Another key issue Heineken sooner or later face is that the innovative essence of the brew might be assorted with a taste from the area, thus, trailing its original and newly introduced tang. It's not the observation but can really occur because the locality may really influence the tang of the locally created beer. Heineken is that it must be astute sufficient to choose the business associate that has the minimum demand (Dong et al. 2013). The licensee must concur on a high value of fees the close relative company would claim on every bottle of beer it could trade. Heineken was focused on Expanding global sales: Heineken was so focused on expanding its global sales because they want to establish a strong dominance over Europe more precisely over the Anheuser-Busch. They implemented breweries in over 50 countries including Canada, France, Australia, and Brazil. They continue the joint business enterprise with leading companies of Japan, Kirin, who provides a strong market key to succeeding in the business market all over the world (Westjohn, 2015). After world war-II, selling abroad became a main priority for Heineken. Soon after the World War II African countries were top selling overseas targets for Heineken beer. Best prospect of revenue: Heineken was a unique company in the international business history of the global business that immediately after its establishment the firm started exporting in the foreign market successfully. The Heineken from its very first beginning became very money-making firm except a few miseries in the US market. After that the firm grew and became the 3rd largest beer company in the world. The market of the United States and Netherlands has shown the greatest prospect of revenue for the Heineken NV in its global reach. When Heineken was facing a certain decrease in profit from another region they get back to the US market to regain their status. They made some important strategy regarding the issue that, they bought the Van Munching company and change the name to Heineken USA to gain the reliability that this company is now owned by US and to get support from the State. Also to easily coordinate with US marketing they cut the cost of beer and added additional profit to every bottle of bee r (zsomer, 2012). Even they received 14percent of their profit only from the Netherlands. Heineken faced an abandon in the market of Egypt because; initially all Muslim were love to take alcohol but when prohibition is extra added in Islam community regarding the consumption of alcohol, the market of Heineken face a sudden fall in the market. Conclusion and Recommendation: As Heineken is the largest growing beer company and trying to expand their business throughout the world. From the very first year of their journey, they are likely to expand their business within the country as well as outside the country (Samiee, 2013). The key success factor of success of the company was the perfect Vision and strategic objectives setting and maintaining value chain in all the company actions to uphold its best cost Brand image (Casson, 2013). Reference list: Crucini, M. J., Kose, M. A., Otrok, C. (2011). What are the driving forces of international business cycles?.Review of Economic Dynamics,14(1), 156-175. Torres, M. (2013).Heineken Reverse Innovation: Innovating for and from emerging markets. Revealing market opportunities in developed countries(Doctoral dissertation, TU Delft, Delft University of Technology). Vargas-Hernandez, J. G. (2015). Sale of the Crown of Beer: A Study Based on The Strategy Tripod of Mike Peng.Business and Economics Journal,2015. Sluyterman, K., Bouwens, B. (2015). From colonial empires to developing countries and on to emerging economies: the international expansion of the Dutch brewery Heineken, 19302010.Management Organizational History,10(2), 103-118. Westjohn, S. A., Magnusson, P., Zhou, J. X. (2015). Does the Value of Global Brands Apply to Both Foreign and Domestic-Based Global Brands?. InEntrepreneurship in International Marketing(pp. 267-286). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. zsomer, A. (2012). The interplay between global and local brands: A closer look at perceived brand globalness and local iconness.Journal of International Marketing,20(2), 72-95. Casson, M. (Ed.). (2013).The Growth of International Business (RLE International Business). Routledge. Ramamurti, R. (2012). What is really different about emerging market multinationals?.Global Strategy Journal,2(1), 41-47. Samiee, S. (2013). International market-entry mode decisions: Cultural distance's role in classifying partnerships versus sole ownership.Journal of Business Research,66(5), 659-661. Dong, J., Li, T. H., Shao, J. Y., Xie, M., Xia, L., Yin, W. J., Zhang, B. (2013).U.S. Patent No. 8,458,008. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.

Booker T. Washington Essays (542 words) - American Slaves

Booker T. Washington Booker T. Washington was the first African American whose likeness appeared on a United States postage stamp. Washington also was thus honored a quarter century after his death. In 1946 he also became the first black with his image on a coin, a 50-cent piece. The Tuskegee Institute, which Washington started at the age of 25, was the where the 10-cent stamps first were available. The educator's monument on its campus shows him lifting a symbolic veil from the head of a freed slave. Booker Taliaferro Washington was born a slave on April 5, 1856, in Franklin County, Va. His mother, Jane Burroughs, was a plantation cook. His father was an unknown white man. As a child, Booker swept yards and brought water to slaves working in the fields. Freed after the American Civil War, he went with his mother to Malden, W. Va., to join Washington Ferguson, whom she had married during the war. At about age 16 Booker set out for Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute, which had been established by the chief of the Freedmen's Bureau to educate former slaves. He walked much of the way, working to earn the fare to complete the long, dusty journey to Virginia. For his admission test he repeatedly swept and dusted a classroom, and he was able to earn his board by working as a janitor. After graduation three years later he taught in Malden and at Hampton. A former slave who had become a successful farmer, and a white politician in search of the Negro vote in Macon County obtained financial support for a training school for blacks in Tuskegee, Ala. When the board of commissioners asked the head of Hampton to send a principal for their new school, they had expected the principal to be white. Instead Washington arrived in June 1881. He began classes in July with 30 students in a shanty donated by a black church. Later he borrowed money to buy an abandoned plantation nearby and moved the school there. By the time of his death in Tuskegee in 1915 the institute had some 1,500 students, more than 100 well-equipped buildings, and a large faculty. Washington believed that blacks could promote their constitutional rights by impressing Southern whites with their economic and moral progress. He wanted them to forget about political power and concentrate on their farming skills and learning industrial trades. Brickmaking, mattress making, and wagon building were among the courses Tuskegee offered. Its all-black faculty included the famous agricultural scientist George Washington Carver. The open controversy over acceptable black leadership dated from 1895, when Washington was invited to address a white audience at the Cotton States and International Exposition in Atlanta, Ga. While emphasizing the importance of economic advancement to blacks, he repeatedly used the paraphrase, "Cast down your bucket where you are." Some blacks were incensed by his comment, "The wisest among my race understand that the agitation of questions of social equality is the extremest folly." Others feared that the enemies of equal rights were encouraged by his promise, "In all things that are purely social we can be as separate as the fingers, yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress."

The starting position Essay Example

The starting position Essay Example The starting position Essay The starting position Essay The test for improvement over two weeks. Through the period of the first two weeks I have been working on general fitness and also agility training a good test to examine the progress would be the Illinois it tests speed at the beginning agility in the middle and speed at the end. Week Three Aim: For much of this the aim is to improve the muscle, which are situated in the leg area. Doing a varied amount of exercise at different reps should accomplice this.The Calves, quads, hamstrings and groin are all used in the running, jumping twisting and turning that are done on the court. Improving the strength in these areas will benefit your game. Day 1: Calves Holding dumb-bells in each hand, with feet pointing forward shoulder width apart, go up on to your toes staying balanced and return to the ground. Do this repetitively doing ten reps at a time holding for 5 seconds each time.Day2: Quads A way working the quads is to do leg extensions. Make sure that the seat of the leg extension machine is in the correct position, with your knee joint parallel with the lower hinge of the machine, and that you are comfortable. Starting with legs bent, straighten them until they are fully extended out in front of you. Hold here for a couple of seconds then return to starting position. Day 3: Hamstrings The hamstrings, the muscle in the back of your thigh are the best worked with a leg curl machine. There are two types: one on which you lie face down (prone) and one on which you are seated.In the prone position place your heels under the pads and have your knees just off the end of the bench. Make sure you hips stay in contact with the bench throughout the movement. Curl the rollers up to your backside and return them to the starting position. In the seated position make sure that the knee is parallel with the pivot on the lower arm of the machine. Put your ankles on top of the footpads and place the kneepads securely on your knees. Bend at the knee, tucking you legs under the seat as far as you can, then return to the strain position.Day 4: Groin Adductor: The most common adductor exercise is performed using a seated adduction machine in a gym. Sit comfortably and place your legs in the holders. Bring your heels together and when contact is made return to the starting position. Alternating, standing upright, place a soft ball in between your feet. Squeeze your heels together and hold for a count of ten seconds. You could also do this seated with the ball between your knees.In athletics we have to be strong in the upper body because it had to act as a counterbalance for our legs.Day 1: Shoulders: sides/lateral rises Take a dumbbell in each hand with a firm grip. Placing your arms at your sides palms inwards, raise both arms at the same tome keeping them slightly bent at the elbow until the dumbbells are at shoulder length. Once there lower them down back to your side and repeat do this 25 times. Day 2:Front shoulder rises Take a pair of dumbbells, both hands in front of you, palms facing inwards, dumbbells resting on your thigh. Lift one is, at a time to shoulder height, keeping the elbow lightly bent and return to the starting.Day 3:Shoulder press Taking dumbbells in both hands, place your hands by your ears palms facing to your head. Push the weight above your head until your arms are straight, making sure that you keep your arms in the same plane as your body and your back straight. Dont lean back. Bring your arms back down to your ears and repeat. Day 4 Shoulder press/fixed machine Taking a good-seated positing with the bat parallel to your eras push the bar above your head until your arms are straight. Lower back to starting position and repeat.Day 5: Press up. Straighten your arms and go up into your feet, so that only your hands ands toes are in contact with the floor, keep your body in a straight line, dont allow your backside to wave around in the air, or your hips top sag towards the floor. Now, bend your elbows and lower yourself close to the floor without actually touching it. Then straighten your arms and press yourself back up to the starting position.

There is no topic Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

There is no topic - Assignment Example Capacity levels and policies of a comp-any should be adjusted due to external and internal forces like competitors. The company should be more flexible to react to changes in price pressure and raw material availability. Capacity changes depending on the company whether it is a workstation’s ability to process jobs or a manufacturing plant (Grummitt, 89). The dynamic nature of capacity and interrelationship among different supply chain elements bring about change of capacity in an organization. Improvement of engineering equipments, labor availability, improvement of process and new data management helps in changing the capacity of supply. In the competitive business, there should be the ability to react while making informed and educated decisions. This will help in making the organization a success and healthy (Grummitt, 113). Capacity persistence enables organizations to rise above their competitor basing on supply chain, service provision and flexibility. Business with extreme seasonality should look for alternatives, to help in times of low supply and high demand. Organization can build an inventory, in house capacity and outsourced capacity (Grummitt, 128). Capacity management has a huge impact in supply and production level in an organization. Organizations should understand their customers demand and adjust their production to meet their

Marketing an Australian wine to Hong Kong wine market Essay

Marketing an Australian wine to Hong Kong wine market - Essay Example   The paper tells that Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated areas in the world where full-time education is mandatory between the ages of 6 and 15. More than 90% of the children complete upper secondary education and over 25.5% of the population have attended post-secondary education. This suggests that the Hong Kong population is well-educated. The Hong Kong economy is open and dynamic. Housing in Hong Kong is at a premium and hence even four generations at times live together under one roof. Moreover, Hong Kong is still a conservative society where paternalistic affiliation is given importance. Nevertheless, youth from higher income families are more likely to participate in higher cost activities outside the home, like going to theatres or listening to operas. Those from lower income families would prefer to enjoy their leisure activities at home. Thus the target segment for the marketing plan is the young adults from affluent families. As far as wine consumption is co ncerned Hong Kong is the most mature wine market in Asia. However, the older adults prefer to consume wine and not the young adults. Students in Hong Kong universities generally do not involve in alcohol against the European students where 88% of them tend to consume alcohol beverages. Only 1.4% of the Hong Kong students are regular alcohol consumers and they start consuming alcohol on an average at 15.6 years. The most popular alcoholic beverage was beer followed by table wine. Hong Kong students are influenced by their peers in consuming alcoholic beverages possibly because it is a collectivist society. Only those who have completed tertiary education consume wine, as found in a study by Dewald (2003). Higher the education level, the more likely they are to consume wine. Since the Hong Kong youth stays with their families, home consumption is minimal. Apart from the nationals, the expatriate population in Hong Kong is high. Hong Kong women so far have shown no preference for wine but that is because they do not have much idea about wines (Ong-Wood, 2011). Based on these characteristics of the Hong Kong youth, the marketing plan would be devised. Positioning strategy Lifestyle of the local population has changed due to which food retailing and catering market has also changed. There is an increased trend towards healthy, functional and organic food as the youth has become health-conscious (Austrade, 2010). Women are also turning to wine as a part of their health and beauty regime as they believe that it enhances their skin tone and digestion (HKTDC, 2010). Since Hong Kong is a collectivist society and since the youth stays with their families, wine has to be positioned as a wellness product. Wine in Hong Kong is generally consumed in social settings, in bars and restaurants (Parker, 2010). Health is now a global concern and Hong Kong consumers believe that consuming two glasses of wine is good for health. Australian wines have been receiving recognition among the traders and the consumers. So far French wines have been dominating the Hong Kong market and hence Australian company Brown Brothers has to bear this in mind. Competition prevails in the Hong

Current business issue reflective paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Current business issue reflective paper - Essay Example Uncertainty is a subjective phenomenon unlike risk whose probabilities are known (Phillip & Patrick, 2013). Bronwynne, et al., 2005 pointed out that uncertainty involves events in which risk cannot be predicted. When one is anticipating some kind of risk, they tend to be cautious. Thus, risk is complicated and rational, but uncertainty is complex and extra rational. In risk, there are knowable options, steps and opportunities, but uncertainty involves a multiple interactive unknowns (Bronwynne, et al., 2005). Uncertainty may relate to profitability, government policies and regulations, investment, demand, cost, pricing and production. Uncertainty in business tends to be an obstacle in decision making. In order to effectively deal with the issue of uncertainty in business, leaders must possess good leadership characteristics. In relation to dealing with uncertainties leaders are classified into three categories; head only- these leaders rely only on analytical tools to make quick deci sions and thus are not able to balance paradoxes in today’s ambiguous world. Heart only- these leaders are able to establish a strategy through being open to a wide range of opinions. This may hinder them from identifying future trends. Guts only- these leaders believe in their instincts. ... It is advisable to prepare for multiple outcomes other than predicting only one outcome. This is of great help to a business because the planned for outcome may fail to happen and instead another one occurs which had been predicted and planned for, this helps the business leader to be always on their toes and ready for any eventualities (McLoughlin & Aaker, 2010). It also saves the business owner the loss of resources in terms of finances and time. Business leaders should have the knowledge to identify and rely on the predictable elements of the situation. Some situations can be predicted, and this could be of great help to the businesses because one is almost sure that a certain eventuality will occurs and hence proper strategies are put in place to deal with such eventualities (Bronwynne, et al., 2005). Therefore in order to be able to identify the predictable element, one should be very alert and understand their business trends fully. If for example the problem is a natural calam ity like flood, one can predict at what time of the year the floods are experienced. In order to effectively deal with uncertainties in business, it is vital to be agile and to respond quickly to any occurrences. Once an undesirable occurrence befalls the business, leaders should be aware, listen and detect occurrences as they happen. They should adopt the ‘detect and respond’ mechanism in order to effectively tackle the problem. They should also empower and mobilize their people to act fast and decisively. However, this requires managerial and leadership skills. For example, if the uncertainty befalls an organization, the manager should be in a position to

International Trade Of Samsung Electronics Economics Essay

International Trade Of Samsung Electronics Economics Essay International diversification is very important for an international enterprise, it is a corporate strategy. It is designed by higher sales of new products and new markets, and increase profitability. Diversification can occur at the business unit level and corporate level. In this essay, we will focus on the advantages and disadvantages of international diversification for the company. At present, many companies are international based which developed their business to the different countries and regions, of course, they also facing a lot of risks and opportunities, in the following, I will analyze the advantages and disadvantages of exploring business internationally. This process involves different strategies. For the different sectors of the business, the different countries must be developed and implemented. The management of the high capacity of these strategies must be developed, the huge opportunity to enter new market of business regardless of the implementation of the big c hallenges and difficulties, cross-border diversification to attract the companys long-term growth, and growth in existing business on the market in other countries. Introduction International diversification is a basic and the most important principles in the business world. In the past decade, the impact of the value of corporate diversification has become the focus of attention of the research significantly. The vast majority of this article has focused the industry on this issue. Diversification is a strategy to increase profits for selling the new products in new markets of a corporate. In fact, all strategy has its advantages and disadvantages, one of the companys management staff will be used to achieve different purposes of these advantages and disadvantages. Diversifying internationally is a concept to enhance the value of the corporation, which is a source of foreign direct investment (FDI). Enterprises to invest overseas, the use of company assets transferred abroad, reached the economies of scale and the economies of scope. Through the operational flexibility associated with a multinational corporate system, value creation from international opera tions can also be created. Now a day, international environment is really uncertain, an internationally diversified network can gives the opportunity to the firm to exploit market conditions. Diversified corporate marketing, it can be used in a developed market, the establishment of new enterprises, so as to increase the profits of the company. Also, it can be used to diversify the investment of the companys assets, in order to prevent the downturn in the market of their country. There are two type of diversify, the first one is the internal development, through the internal expansion and diversification of production, creation of different products and brands. It can be achieve the perfect internal development. On the other hand is the external development, external expansion through acquisitions or strategic alliances to enhance the visibility of the enterprise in the global market, to expansion of profits and achieve the international standards. In the following, consumer electro nics giant Samsung Electronics is taken an example to illustrate the advantages and disadvantages of international diversification. Case study Samsung Electronics Consumer electronics giant Samsung Electronics is an international corporate, It is the flagship subsidiary of the Samsung Group. Samsung Electronics the largest electronics industry in South Korea, engaged in LCD, semiconductor, mobile phones, digital media business, it is the biggest sales of the electronics industry manufacturers in the worth. Inspire the World, Create the Future. is the vision of Samsung Electronics. In the mobile phone market, Samsung Electronics is the number one of the market share in the world, successfully beat a traditional mobile phone manufacturers such as: Nokia, Motorola, Sony. Sights on future market trends to the touch smartphone, Samsung also compete to launch the products corresponded to the competitors, such as Galaxy S2, to compare with the biggest competitor Apples Iphone. 3.1 International trade of Samsung Electronics International trade across borders the transactions of goods and services, general import and export trade, therefore, it also call import and export trade. International trade directly affect the gross domestic product (GDP), it is very important for many countries; it can adjust the economic structure of the country and increase the fiscal revenue. In order to reduce the production cost, Samsung Electronics using global procurement, they looking for the potential suppliers, is committed to enhance product development, corporate culture, and contributions to the global society. Samsung Electronics and Suppliers as well as the manufacturers can cooperate to make the best product. Global procurement not only can reduce the production cost, it also can enhance the productivity. Samsung Electronics has an absolute advantage  over another in producing a good in Korea and the other country. It can produce that good using fewer resources than another country. Samsung Electronics can enjoy the absolute advantage when they conduct the international trade. In additional, Samsung Electronics conducted international trade, which also produced of foreign direct investment (FDI), FDI is direct investment into production in a country by a company in another country, Samsung Electronics investment in China or the other country, the both count ries have brought some Advantages. Now, we can talk about what is the advantages and disadvantages of Samsung Electronics when the corporation diversifying internationally. Advantages of a corporation diversifying internationally Economic of scale Economic of scale is the expansion of production scale and increase the economic benefits. It is to reflect the relationship between the concentration factors of production and the economic benefits. Economies of scale help producers to lower their cost by producing large amount of output at lower costs. Samsung Electronics has realized economies of scale in semiconductor production. Semiconductor devices can perform a variety of control functions in electronic equipment, such as Samsung touch smartphone. Through the continuous improvement, Samsungs semiconductor production successfully extended the R D centers and production lines to China and other countries, and the products can sell around the world, via mass production to reduce the costs. This is the cost advantage The advantage of the economies of scale of Samsung: Can be achieve the harmonization and standardization of the products high quantity of raw materials, reduce the purchase cost Easily to control the quantity and quality of products Conducive to management and technician specialization and professionalization It can has strong competitiveness in the national market Economic of scope This is also a cost advantage to make the cost lower to produce a range of related products than to produce only one of the individual products on one company. A company can expand its range of products to take full advantage of the value of its existing capacity. Samsung produces various electronic products, such as LCD TV, LCD panel, semiconductor (DRAM, NAND Flash), mobile phones, digital cameras, LCD monitors, printers and other related electronic business, production of these products can use the same or similar of raw materials, for example ,produce the TV and the computer can use the same type of LCD screen, it can also be carried out in the same factory, and the workers all have same knowledge, produce different products to reach international diversification, fully to take the advantage of economies of scope. Spread the risk Diversifying internationally through acquisition or alliances can increase the market power of a corporation, to strengthen the competitiveness in the international market. At the same time, it can spread the risk of investment by avoid having all eggs in one basket. Enough reserve to respond to market decline. Samsung Electronics has acquired the related business companies, such as British semiconductor designer Cambridge Silicon Radio Ltd, merger with Seagate Technology (USA), its market forces continue to expand and greatly enhance the visibility and competitiveness. In addition, in order to diversify their investment and risk. Samsung Electronics set up their headquarters and plants all around the world. Learn from advanced technology If a corporate diversifying internationally, for example, which part of the products to their alliances company responsible for, it can learn the expertise and technology from the alliance. Samsung Electronics maintains good relationship with their partners, to learn advanced and unique technology in all of the production process, also, they hardly to study all of the knowledge and skills from the other country, such as the electronic technology from Taiwan and the scientific knowledge from USA. Learning knowledge from difference country can enhance the quality of staff, greatly to help the long-term development of the company. In addition, it also can enhance the core competitiveness of the corporation in the world. Experts of expertise When access a new market in other country, except to learn from advanced technology, Samsung Electronics also gain the experts of expertise, combine different professionals through merger and acquisition. For example, Samsung Electronics access to the advanced country, such as USA or UK, it can gain the experts in the locality, to understand their professional science and technology. In addition, Chinas population is more than 1.3 billion, it boasts to have larger human resources than other countries. As the increasing of population, China will have the greatest number of professionals. Low labors and resources cost Samsung Electronics can enjoy the cheap labors from their country and all developing country, for example, China has 1.3 billion people and widely of the labor force, compared with the pay of workers in other countries will be lower, so, to set up factories in China or merge with Chinese companies, it can enjoy the low-cost labors and production as well as the resources and the raw materials are also relatively cheap. In addition, the lands and rent are the most put in of the funds, China has well Infrastructure, now, it investing in the outsourcing industry. Like the city Chengdu are already planning to have a high-tech zone in areas that are spanning upwards of 1 million square meters. China has the cheaper lands and low rent for build up the factories, so Samsung Electronics can save more money on this part. Enhance competitive power Foreign competition can be encouraged to enhance the companys productivity. Doing business in the international market, the companies will continue to improve the quality of their products, in order to gain a market competitive advantage. The face of powerful competitor: Apple Store, Samsung Electronics continuous innovation and reform the products, for example, Samsung Electronics produce the smartphone , such as Galaxy S2, S3, Notes, to compare with the biggest competitor Iphone from Apple Store, in order to occupy a strong position and strengthen competitiveness in the world market. 3.3 Disadvantages of a corporation diversifying internationally Increased management costs and complexity Samsung Electronics realized International diversify may add complexity of the enterprise. Merger or alliances will make management costs rise, thereby increasing the cost of production abroad. To entry into the new market, the biggest barrier is the huge capital requirement, for the established of headquarters and factories, recruitment, procurement, management etc. In addition, it have more management challenges related to structural complexity with the new administrative structures, it may increase the information processing when access the new market in the global. Language problem Actually, the language barrier is a serious problem, the coordination, communications and motivation issues are very important when access to a new market. Samsung Electronics is an oversea company, when they wants to set up factories or headquarters in China or the other country, foreigners do not understand Korean, miscommunication may occur, affecting the companys operations. They need to recruit some language expert to solve the problem, also, they can recruit the translators or local agents to manage, but it will increase the management cost. Quality problem Globalization made enterprises want to be entry in the major countries globally. To response the growing need of competitiveness in the world, many enterprise want to outsourced some of the productions in China, in order to enjoy relatively cheap production cost, Samsung Electronics outsourced parts of its production to China like the battery and the case of Samsung smartphone, actually, China is still at its early stage of being in the outsourcing industry. the quality may not be guaranteed, especially in China, although China has labor resources stronger than the other country, but the low academic qualifications and lack of skills of the workers may be affected the quality of the product. However, it can be improved by training and the technology. Economic risk Economic risks, such as exchange rates, government regulation, decline in per capita gross domestic product (GDP), inflation and capital flight. In recent years, inflation in China is very serious, inflation reflects Samsung facing the business crisis, and company may need to save the manpower and raw materials, affecting the yield and quality of its products. In the current financial risk, Samsung Electronics encountered a serious impact on the global business, it has a lot of economic problems, such as inflation, rising unemployment, these factors will directly affect the business of Samsung Electronics. Cultural risk This is a risk, because you will not know whether there will be changes, before entering each country, Samsung Electronics must understand the culture of the country, such as peoples preferences, habits and the consumer behavior, it all arising from cultural differences. Western companies are lack of understanding of Chinese culture. There is also a perception of corruption and bureaucracy in China. Samsung Electronics is located in Korea, far away from China, geography and time differences may require staff to adapt their business practices. Political risk In fact, a lot of investors, businesses entering a new market are facing the risk of political risk. Political risks including systemic risk, procedural risk, distributive risk and catastrophic risk. Such as fiscal, monetary, trade, investment etc. Rather than the risk of market factors including industrial, income, labor and development, or related to political instability, such as terrorism, coups, civil war, riots, rebellion event. Samsung Electronics is also facing of these problems, China has just started with implementing rules on security and intellectual property rights, they are still considered to have poor protection. This becomes a problem especially when manufacturing of products are outsourced to their country. Political uncertainty may also bring unexpected costs, which can be substantial. In addition, in their own country, South Korea and North Korea is still having a problem, in a tense confrontation, it may conflict at any time, affecting the operation of the enterp rise. Exchange risk International trade may cause delays in payments, for example, Samsung Electronics sell the products to other country, it may delays in payments when the goods trade between the trading companies, also It has the foreign currency problem, such as RMB and HKD, the rate is difference from Korean, affecting the cash flow of the corporation. In addition, the exchange rate of foreign currency may not stable, exchange rate fluctuations and the inflation also are the existence risk. However, in recent years, RMB rising also is the significant risks faced by Samsung, deterred many of the intended development of foreign-funded enterprises in China. RMB appreciation, rising costs of labors, raw materials and lands, all is the currency and exchange risk factors. Market risk In different countries have different regulations and standards, the corporation need to comply with the new standard when access a new market. It may have some factors to change, in order to facilitate restructure of the company, it is necessary to training or retraining of the management, for example, in the production process, the input and packing, thereby generating additional costs. In order to access to USA market, Samsung Electronics are facing the big problem which is intellectual property of the biggest competitor Apple Store. Earlier, Apple sued Samsung and its Galaxy series smartphone copied the design of the iPhone smartphone, Samsung has the hefty fines to Apple Store, thereafter, Samsung sued again to U.S. International Trade Commission and complaint the Apple Store, referring to Apple guilty of Samsung patent such as 3G, wireless technology, prohibit Apple iPhone, iPad and iPod devices sold in the United States. Plagiarism and infringement of the war, Samsung and Appl e compete with each other; there is a certain degree of difficulty in entering the U.S. market. This is the risk of Samsung Electronics. Recommendations Samsung Electronics is a leading consumer electronics brand in the world, is committed to satisfy consumers need and reach the international standard, Samsung Electronics realized international diversification, Samsung Electronics only has the Authorized Partner shop in Hong Kong. To further enhance the customer services and the quality of products, it is recommend to build up the flagship store and more retail trader all around the world, it can be expansion the sales network and strengthen the market power. In addition, in order to prove the quality of products, it is recommend Samsung Electronics to make the adjustment of the warranty period of products. In addition, in order to solve inflation and the potential risk of China, it is recommended that the plant can move to the other place, such as Vietnam, this is a developing country, the price of raw materials and the cost of labors and lands are also cheaper than China. Conclusion Undeniable, international diversification is accurate flexible and efficient for Samsung Electronics. International diversification both have advantages and disadvantages, but relatively, the advantages outweighs the disadvantages, Samsung reached in economies of scale and economies of scope, due to their constant improvement and innovation, successful in the international electronics market accounted for an important position. However, Samsung Electronics are facing a lot of risks, such market risk and the exchange risk; many of the unknown factors exist. In the long run, Samsung must have a comprehensive plan to deal with these problems. Appendix http://wpcontent.answcdn.com/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Economies_of_scale.PNG/330px-Economies_of_scale.PNG (Figure 1) Economic of scale http://www.samsungmobileb2b.com/images/en/main/v2/featured_GalaxyS3.jpg (Figure 2) Samsung Galaxy S3 Its our business to make yours more productive. (Figure 3) Samsung products and slogan Samsung Flagship Store (Figure 4) Samsung flagship store in Singapore

Approaches to the Study of Religion Essay -- Theology Religion Sociolo

The sociological approach looks at religious belief and practice in relation to the society. Sociologists are interested in two themes, the centrality of religion in society and the diversity of forms it inhabits (Hamilton 1995/2001:1). It regards religion as a social fact subject to empirical observation, which produces empirical evidence (Dillon 2003:7). The sociology of religion is a product of the enlightenment, from which it inherited a tendency to dismiss religion as incompatible with rationality (Dillon 2003:6). This dismissal has had significant impact on the attitude towards religion and it is the basis for the most influential paradigm in the history of the field; secularisation. The secularisation theory claims that religion is or will be on the decrease in society. So profound was its impact that modern sociology often aims to account for the continued presence of religion in society and has generally held a rather negative view of religion as being an unworthy subject o f study(Davies 2007:2). The reason for the secuarlisation can be seen in the fact that sociology is a theory both guided by and aims to build theories (Wuthnow/Dillon 2003:21). Theories require analysis and generalisation. It is impossible to analyse a subject without first defining the subject (Robertson 1970:34). Definition is a contentious issue because different definitions entail different criteria which lead to different patterns being indentified in data. Theories are created by the identification of patterns in data which are then generalised.(Davies 2007:5). Thus a definition will vastly affect the content and concept of a theory. Definitions of religion in sociology fall into two categories, functional and substantive. This essay will assess... ...in the answers but in the question. Works Cited Davie, Grace (2007) The Sociology of Religion. London. Sage Publications Dillon, Michele (2003) Handbook of the Sociology of Religion. Cambridge. Cambridge university press Hamilton, Malcom (1995/2001) The Sociology of Religion: Theoretical and Comparative Perspectives. 2nd edition. Routledge. London Hunt, Stephen J (2002) Religion in Western Society. London. Palgrave McGuire, Meredith B. (1997) Religion: The Social Context 4th edition. Wadsworth Pickering, W.S.F. (1984) Durkheim’s Sociology of Religion: Themes and Theories. Routledge. London Robertson, Ronald (1970) The Sociological Interpretation of Religion. Blackwell Sociology Series. London Steinsaltz, Adin (2000) A Guide to Jewish Prayer . New York Wuthnow, Robert (2003) ‘Studying Religion, Making it Sociological’ in Dillon (2003) pp.16-30

Emergence of Economic, Social and Political Ideas Essay

Introduction The new ideas that shaped our modern world are the influence of democracy, republicanism, nationalism and liberalism. Democracy is a form of gaovernment in which the citizen elects a representative to create laws on their behalf. Republicanism is a form of government in which the head of the state is the citizen of that nation rather than a monarch. A monarch is someone like a king, queen or an emperor. Nationalism is the belief that people of a similar race, culture or ideas ought to belong to the same nation state and liberalism was a movement aimed at protecting and improving the rights of individuals. Age of Revolution American Revolution The American Revolution was a political upheaval, 1765–1783, as the Thirteen American Colonies broke from the British Empire and formed an independent nation, the United States of America. Starting in 1765 the Americans rejected the authority of Parliament to tax them without elected representation. In 1774 the Patriots suppressed the Loy alists and expelled all royal officials. Each colony now had a new government that took control. The British responded by sending combat troops to re-establish royal control. Through the Second Continental Congress, the Patriots fought the British in the American Revolutionary War from 1775 to 1783. In early 1778, after an invading army from Canada was captured by the Americans, the French entered the war as allies of the United States. The naval and military power of the two sides was about equal, and France had allies in the Netherlands and Spain, while Britain had no major allies in this large-scale war. The war turned to the South, where the British captured an American army at South Carolina, but failed to enlist enough volunteers from Loyalist civilian to take effective control. A combined American–French force captured a second British army at Yorktown in 1781, effectively ending the war in the United States. A peace treaty in 1783 confirmed the new nations complete separation from the British Empire. The United States took possession of nearly all the territory east of the Mississippi River and south of the Great Lakes, with the British retaining control of Canada and Spain taking Florida. The American Revolution was the result of a series of social, political, and intellectual transformations in American society, government and ways of thinking and gained independence. French Revolution The French revolution was from 1780 to 1799. It brought an end to the medieval feudal system of land ownership ain France and eventually Europe but not everyone agreed with this. After the execution of King Louis XVI in 1793, opponents sought to crush it with the help of foreign armies (period known as Reign Of Terror). In the autumn of 1793, Robespierre and the Jacobins focused on addressing economic and political threats within France. What began as a proactive approach to reclaiming the nation quickly turned bloody as the government instituted its infamous campaign against internal opposition known as the Reign of Terror. Beginning in September, Robespierre, under the auspices of the Committee of Public Safety, began pointing an accusing finger at anyone whose beliefs seemed to be counterrevolutionary—citizens who had committed no crime but merely had social or political agendas that varied too much from Robespierre’s. The committee targeted even those who shared many Jacobin views but were perceived as just slightly too radical or conservative. During the nine-month period that followed, anywhere from 15,000 to 50,000 French citizens were beheaded at the guillotine. Even long-time associates of Robespierre such as Georges Danton, who had helped orchestrate the Jacobin rise to power, fell victim to the paranoia. When Danton wavered in his conviction, questioned Robespierre’s increasingly rash actions, and tried to arrange a truce between France and the warring countries, he himself lost his life to the guillotine, in April 1794. ] In conclusion, the outcome of the French revolution is that they overthrew the aristocracy of the day and took control, swept away the French monarchy and nobility, the French Revolution may have been bloody and violent, but in the end it changed the economic, political, and social structure of France forever, Probably the best reforms to come out of the Revolution were the reforms that would be the cornerstone of a legal and administrative system that still endures. There is only one negative outcome I can think of, is that King Louis XVI died, if he hadn’t died then they wouldn’t have attacked France and none would have shed a blood. The Eureka Rebellion The Eureka rebellion in the year 1854 was a historically amazing organised rebellion of gold miners of Victoria, Australia. The battle of the Eureka  Rebellion was fought between miners and the colonial forces of Australia. This event happened because of an act of disobedient in the Ballarat region, during the Victorian gold rush with miners against carrying a miner’s licence due to high fees. The licence fee became the main point of a much larger protest against the lack of democratic rights, and without the right to vote, miners had no say in the governments decisions. The only way their views were known was to either not carry them or even publically burn them and as this gets the Polices attention, they built stockades to protect themselves from the Police. The outcome of the Eureka Rebellion was that they came to symbolize the fight of the ordinary people for justice and basic rights. Female Suffrage The suffragettes argued that women should be able to vote and stand for election because the wishes of women should be reflected in parliament. They argued that a government ‘by the people’ should include government by women, because laws affect women as much as they do men. Vida Goldstein was born in Portland, Victoria. She believed that men and women should have equal rights. She worked for the right of women to vote, called ‘suffrage’, and her parents encouraged her to be strong and free. In 1903 Goldstein was the first woman in the British Empire to try to become a member of a national parliament. She stood for election to the Australian Commonwealth Parliament but did not win. She did not give up but worked towards women’s suffrage in Victorian state elections. Women in Victoria got the vote in 1908. During the First World War, Goldstein formed a group of people who worked for peace. A special tree was planted in the grounds of the Victorian Parl iament to honour her achievements and an electorate (voting area) in Melbourne is named after her. Australian Egalitarianism Egalitarianism basically means a fair go for all. Fairness and equality, mateship and brotherhood are words I would use to describe egalitarianism. Everyone helping everyone through tough and thin, bushfires, droughts and floods, they would all need to co-operate and help each other to survive. However egalitarianism hasn’t applied to everyone in Australia. Within the framework of Australia’s laws, all Australians have the right to express their culture and beliefs and to participate freely in Australia’s national  life. At the same time, everyone is expected to uphold the principles and shared values that support Australia’s way of life. These include: †¢respect for equal worth, dignity and freedom of the individual †¢freedom of speech and association †¢freedom of religion and a secular government †¢support for parliamentary democracy and the rule of law †¢equality under the law †¢equality of men and women and opportunity †¢peacefulness †¢a spirit of egalitarianism that embraces tolerance, and compassion for those in need. Australia also holds firmly to the belief that no one should be disadvantaged on the basis of their country of birth, cultural heritage, language, gender or religious belief. So Is Australia an egalitarian society? Australia is a relatively new country, with federation occurring little over a century ago. However, it has progressed steadily and today we are considered a wealthy, internationally competitive democracy. To many outsiders, Australia looks like heaven, a perfect paradise in which to live. Beautiful beaches, unique animals, a laidback lifestyle and a democratic system of government all add to this image of Australia being the perfect place to live. It has become the way of Australians to promote the image of equality in our country. However, Australia has had a very racist past, with policies such as the White Australia policy and the many discriminatory acts of injustice placed against the native Aboriginals. An egalitarian society is one that looks after the poor, treating them with dignity, and taking appropriate measures to ensure the welfare of all its citizens regardless of age, gender or race. An egalitarian society should not condone any form of discrimination, and should attempt to provide equal opportunity for everyone. Since 1901, Australia has come a long way in fighting inequality. Women now have equal rights to men; the White Australia policy and the Assimilation policy were abolished; life has improved for Aboriginals as their rights are now being acknowledged; average life expectancy has increased; and the government does a good job ensuring that  all Australian citizens benefit from the nation’s prosperity. However, there is an ongoing debate as to whether Australia is starting to neglect the important issue of equality in society. In 2003, it was found that the top 10% of Australian households had a higher income than the bottom 50% of households combined. While one may argue that Australia has become wealthier than ever, statistics read that there are more homeless and disadvantaged people than there were 25 years ago. I believe that Australia has improved in becoming a more equal and fair society but it seems that these days were lacking something, like there is a big gap in between the poor and the rich, like no matter how much they work the poor will stay a poor, and the rich get richer as time goes by.

A List of General Expository Essay Topics

A List of General Expository Essay Topics Expository essays discuss topics by using facts rather than opinions, requiring students to evaluate and investigate while setting forth their arguments clearly and concisely. Teachers often include expository essays as part of assessments, especially in college-level courses, so students can help themselves succeed by practicing writing these types of essays. When teachers are  integrating writing throughout the curriculum, students can use expository essays to demonstrate what theyve learned in other courses. Sample Expository Essay Topics From Students Tenth-graders wrote the following general expository essay topics. Students can practice writing these topics or use the list to come up with topics of their own. The important thing to remember is that these expository essays are based on facts rather than the writers beliefs or feelings. Explain why you admire a particular person.Explain why someone you know should be regarded as a leader.Explain why parents are sometimes strict.If you had to be an animal, which would you be and why?Explain why you especially enjoy a particular teacher.Explain why some cities have curfews for teens.Explain why some students are forced to leave school once they are sixteen.Explain how moving from place to place affects teens.Explain why getting a drivers license is an important event in the lives of many teenagers.Describe the major stressors in teens lives.Explain why you like or dont like working in a team.Describe some nonmaterial things that make you happy.Explain why some teens commit suicide.Explain how music affects your life.Explain the impact of different music genres on society.Explain why students listen to a particular type of music.Explain why some teens skip school.Explain the likely consequences of skipping school.Describe the likely consequences of doing poorly in scho ol. Explain why teens do drugs.Describe the likely consequences of selling drugs.Describe the likely consequences of taking drugs.Explain why teens smoke cigarettes.Explain the likely consequences of being kicked out of school.Explain the likely consequences of skipping classes.Explain the likely consequences of brothers and sisters constantly fighting.Explain why teens wear makeup.Explain the consequences of having alcohol on the school campus.Explain the likely consequences of being sexually active without using protection.Explain why some teens parents do not like to be alone with their childs boyfriend or girlfriend.Explain the likely consequences of increasing the time between classes from five to 15 minutes.Explain why some teens join gangs.Explain the difficulties some teens have once they are in gangs.Explain how life for a teenager changes once she has a baby.Describe what you feel a boy should do if he finds out his girlfriend is pregnant.Explain why you should or should not la ugh at embarrassing moments. Describe the effects of marijuana.Explain the likely consequences of teens becoming sexually active.Explain why it is helpful to organize your materials and activities.Explain why your schoolwork is important.Describe the ways you help out at home.Explain the likely consequences of abolishing capital punishment.Explain the consequences of adopting a pass/fail grading system.Explain the likely consequences of enforcing an 11:00 p.m. curfew.Explain the likely consequences of ending forced busing.Explain why some teenagers dislike saying the pledge to the flag.Explain why some schools dont have open lunch policies.Explain why most teenagers are materialistic.Explain why some teens get jobs.Explain the consequences of having a job while in high school.Explain the likely consequences of dropping out of school.Describe some productive ways students can spend their leisure time.Explain why dealing with their parents divorce can be difficult for many teens.Explain why teens love their parent s even when family situations are difficult. Describe the things that bring you the greatest happiness.Describe three things you would like to change the world and explain why you would change them.Explain why you prefer living in an apartment (or house).Describe the likely consequences of requiring a childbearing license.Describe three objects that symbolize our culture and explain why you selected them.Explain why you are interested in a particular career.Explain the likely consequences of requiring students to wear school uniforms.

Technology Training Methods essays

Technology Training Methods essays In the last decade, we have seen technology bring worlds and people together in a manner which existed only in our parents and grandparents imaginations. Within little more than a generation, we have moved from an era where it took a letter weeks to reach its destination, to one in which the click of a button can transfer information anywhere in the world in a matter of minutes. It is this same technology that has revolutionized training and development programs. This information and communications technology, which encompasses the Internet, Intranet, and CD ROMS, is not a passing fad promoted by Bill Gates or his counterparts, but rather a resource It is perhaps in business and industry where this information and communications technology has had the most impact. Not only has technology changed the nature of work but has also become the essential tool by which people in the professions, industry and commerce maintain their knowledge and skills (Working Smarter, p. 1). In todays ever changing work environment, the value of a knowledgeable, competent workforce is tremendous, and the role that technology plays in producing these capable employees should not be underestimated. Hence, the time has come - not for talk - but for replacing our blackboards, movie projectors, cassette recorders, televisions and VCRs with the sophisticated educational technology now available (Tomei, 1996, p. 53). After all, statistics already indicate that people learn 30% more in 40% less time at 30% less cost by using computer-assisted tools But if youre anything like me, youll probably need more than just statistics to prompt you into replacing your trustworthy, although outdated training methods with this new, and perhaps even a bit threatening, technology. Youre probably asking yourself, What exactly is this technology? What makes ...

Art Project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Art Project - Assignment Example The is still far from being settled despite the president’s new approach to enhance national production, exports and job creation for the millions of the unemployed youth. Regardless, the green color appearing on the letter symbolizes a number of positive steps which the Obama government has taken to address some of the most important economic issues such as his signing of a tax relief program in the last quarter of 2010, expanding welfare benefits, staying previous tax cuts, and capping the estate tax on figures under $10 million (Dunne, 2013). In addition, even though Obama’s signing of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act in 2009 was positive in helping to secure more financial support for infrastructure development and job creation across the country, the thin red outline of letter â€Å"E† symbolizes the pitfalls that came with the seemingly positive policy. The stimulus package and the universal health care program have conspired to paint the president as a heavy spender on social development issues than the economy can sustain. The end result has been poor performance on budget deficits â€Å"BD† and with a careful integration of red and green colors coming up every time the economy is mentioned, reducing federal budget shortfalls so as to support poor citizens; education programs and the expansion of infrastructure have blurred the president’s image (Morris, 2012). Health Care is represented by â€Å"HC.† It appears very close to the economy in terms of the president’s priorities. Since 2009, the primary health care policy of President Obama is the enactment of the universal health care scheme funded by the national government. Similarly, the use of the green color symbolizes the wide reprieve that previously uninsured Americans have so far achieved under the new system. The Affordable Care Act intends to improve the health of the American citizens by enhancing the rate of enrolment in health care programs through various government subsidies

Management for Financial Managers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Management for Financial Managers - Essay Example The management principles and organizational structures are also undergoing drastic changes to cater the requirements of the current world. The current problems of the Camford University must be analyzed, keeping all the views expressed above in mind. â€Å"The bogus University of Camford, a formerly prestigious seat of learning, has been allowed to offer sub-standard and worthless degrees — virtually unchecked by the government — for the last twenty years† (Fabian Tassano, 2008). The reports appearing on news papers and different web sites are not in favor of the university. In The current courses offered by the university are focusing on theoretical knowledge rather than the practical knowledge. The current world requires practical information more than the theoretical information. The courses has to be restructure to meet such requirements. Another criticism against Camford University is about their claim of accreditation with QAA (The Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education, based in Gloucester). But the functioning of the QAA itself is questioned by the critiques. They believe that the QAA has some secret ideological agenda aimed at promoting a program of ‘egalitarianism’. â€Å"A check at Companies House revealed that, far from being "independent", the QAA is in fact a branch of the government, and reflects government ideological policies† (Fabian Tassano, 2008) The University’s independency is also under scrutiny. The critiques argue that the University is acting as an agent of government to spread their ideologies. They also expressed concerns about the various award ceremonies and the publication of photographs of happy students receiving the awards. â€Å"Administrative support professionals are the central nervous systems of an office. Their responsibilities are numerous and vital to the operation of their organization. Knowing the best ways to perform

Question answer Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Question answer - Assignment Example mains, and for instance a mathematician can prove the conjecture that bundles of order two are commutative, from the axioms of the group theory, hence an accountant might develop axioms that define how the company grows and functions. These axioms eventually prove that employees health decrease with age. This example and several other tasks can be done by the ATP system, provided there is a suitable formulation of the problem in these three ways; conjecture, axioms and hypotheses. David Wheeler, born in 1927, is widely acknowledged as a significant pioneer in computing having invented the relational database model. According to Hey & PaÃŒ pay 2014, David Wheeler is a British computing pioneer, who made a significant contribution in the construction and programming of the EDSAC computer.   The relational model designed for database management is a model that is founded on the initial order predicate logic, and it is originally developed and presented by David Wheeler. In this model for the database, every data is displayed in the form of tuples, bundled into relations. A database developed in the form of the relational model is the relational database, and the purpose of the relational model is contrived to offer a declarative system for specifying the data and questions. In retrospect, the users directly declare what information the database has and the information they need from the database management system. Subsequently, the software takes care of defi ning the data structures of storing the information and retrieval system for answering the questions. Currently, a number of relational database use the SQL data description and question language, and these systems employ the engineering approximation that is the relational model. Henderson 2009, asserts that Ole-Johan Dahl and Kristen Nyagarard are pioneers in computing and are widely acknowledged for the ideas in object oriented programming through their development of the programming languages Simula 1 and

Journal Article Analysis Essay Example for Free

Journal Article Analysis Essay Current views of the world, desires, dreams, goals, and the demands placed upon society are constantly transformed by present epistemological beliefs. Schommer-Aikens and Hutter (2002) investigated the relationship between an individuals’ belief about knowledge, learning or epistemological beliefs and how this relates to average conversational issues (Schommer-Aikens , Hutter, 2002). Using a study group of 174 adults ranging in age from 17 to 71, Schommer-Aikens and Hutter (2002) posed questions assessing beliefs of knowledge and the speed control of learning. Feldman addressed how assumptions become scientific knowledge by stating â€Å"Sometimes we know things by reasoning or inference. When we know some facts and see that those facts support some further fact, we can come to know that further fact. Scientific knowledge, for example, seems to arise from inferences from observational data† (Feldman, 2003, p. 3). Understanding how assumptions move into scientific knowledge it becomes apparent how these assumptions are qualified in research. The authors used regression analysis to quantify the assumptions of the participants as they relate to knowledge, learning, multiple perspectives, and ultimately the development of epistemological beliefs. This analysis will further identify philosophical assumptions underlying the research; explain the practical significance of these assumptions and their effect on its applicability to other authors and post-positive thinkers. Philosophical Assumptions Underlying the Research Feldman (2003) stated that epistemology, the theory of knowledge is a philosophy that looks into the questions about knowledge and rational. Epistemologist`s tend to focus or concentrate on questions of principal aspects involving knowledge and how those beliefs regulate coherent belief. Those within the field are less concerned about the validity of knowledge or  coherent belief, be it correct or incorrect but focus more on causes (Feldman, 2003, p. 1). To that extent Schommer-Aikens and Hutter (2002) conducted a survey of 174 participants, including 120 women and 54 men. The ages of the participants ranged from 17 to 71 years of age and included various personal and educational backgrounds. Through the Schommer epistemological questioner participants, including chemical engineers, clerks, homemakers, factory workers, pharmacists, and teachers of both genders. These participants were asked a number of questions that incorporated religious, educational, societal and personal belief s. Questions were ranked in a likert- type scale ranging from strongly disagrees to strongly agree (Schommer-Aiker, Hutter, 2002). Philosophical Assumptions Schommer-Aikens and Hutter state â€Å"The results coming from epistemological research suggest that individual`s beliefs about the nature of knowledge and learning are linked to their comprehension, metacomprehension, interpretation of information and persistence in working on difficult academic tasks† (Schommer-Aikens, Hutter, 2002, p. 6). The authors contend that individuals who believe knowledge is isolated into segmented bits and not taken as a sum total perform more poorly in the compression of mathematical, physiological, and medical textbooks (Schommer-Aikens, Hutter, 2002). This statement confirms that knowledge or epistemological commitments are a collection of data and understanding and not segmented or isolated bits of information. The assumption is those who tend to segregate knowledge and who do not attain a higher degree of education have difficulty in their own epistemological commitments. This is further evident in the writings of Quine and Kuhn as these authors beleive science is a continuation of common-sense (Delanty Strydom, 2003, p. 22). According to these authors common, everyday decisions made by the common man and woman play a significant role in the creation of science. Whereas the purpose of the epistemological study was to extend epistemological beliefs to an individual’s everyday life, it was also designed to reflect on academic studies. This particular article using the Schommer epistemological belief survey makes several assumptions. Those assumptions state those with a higher level of education are more likely to take on multiple perspectives,  withhold decisions until information was available, acknowledge the complexity of everyday issues and were willing to modify thought processes or thinking (Schommer-Aikens, Hutter, 2002). The inference is those who take knowledge as a collection of data, not as segmented bits along with the attaining of a higher level of education were equipped for complex or critical thinking. This enabled each to understand the complexity of life, make crucial decisions, understand varying viewpoints and able to adapt as understanding grew. These assumptions have a practical significance and affect research. The Practical Significance of Assumptions and Their Effect on Research Inferences and practical assumptions are drawn during the research of this article, and one could argue some of the assumptions made were drawn before the research study ever began. Through personal epistemological beliefs society has long held the conviction those who attain a higher level of education are able to deal with the complexities of life. The practical significance of assumptions and their effect on the research conducted are visible in the work of Johnson and Duberley as they state â€Å"both within and outside of our organizations our behavior is internally motivated, and internally justified, by what we believe about â€Å"the World† (Johnson Duberley, 2000, p. 2). Often in preparing for such a survey the focus group of participants used along with the questions themselves distort the data and thus the results to achieve a desired result. While in this case the participants have diverse backgrounds and have achieved differing degrees of education, making such assertions could distort data. Assumptions and Research Methodology Kuhn preferred historical science and by building upon prior knowledge Kuhn (2012) believes this research and evidence was already available enabling that data to be tested using deferring mechanisms to either prove or disprove a current or prior theory. While not opposed to the empirical testing, it was his belief that details must be obtained for research. It is through this historical science and data that assumptions within society and within science about our understanding of epistemological belief have come into existence. Popper states the empirical method makes good use of a  criticized approach to the method (Delanty Strydom, 2003). The empirical method tests each system ensuring the best system moves forward after all methods have been tried, tested, and proved. Schommer-Aikens and Hutter (2000) used questions, including â€Å"You never know what a book means unless you know the intent of the author† and â€Å"Its a waste of time to work on problems which have no possibility of coming out with clear-cut and unambiguous answers† (Schommer-Aikens, Hutter, 2000). These answers along with others were used as a measurement in epistemological belief comparing their answers and their level of education to gauge how those answers compared with historical norms (Schommer-Aikens, Hutter, 2000). This data was then taken and a regression model developed to extract the stated research and ultimately assumptions made. Schommer-Aikens and Hutter (2000) in turn came to the same assumptions and epistemological commitments already held within social and physical science to date. The research quantified and validated the assumptions held by historical science that one’s epistemological beliefs are shaped and re-shaped by the ability to link through learning, multiple perspectives, and ultimately the development of epistemological beliefs. The ability for humans to use successfully address complex issues, attain paradigm shifts in their understanding of the world and develop are inevitably linked with thought processes and knowledge gained through high er education. Conclusion A person’s thoughts, feelings, emotion, and beliefs often shape ones decision-making process. Other components, including perception, memory, introspection, and reasoning also assist in the formation of opinions, shape our knowledge, and transform an individual’s viewpoint (Feldman, 2003, p. 3). Perception is how one sees the world around them, the sights, sounds, smells, and other senses creates an understanding of the external environment creating a mental image and often places an attachment to it. Through their research Schommer-Aikens and Hutter (2002) investigated the relationship between and individuals’ belief about knowledge, learning or epistemological beliefs and how this relates to average conversational issues (Schommer-Aikens , Hutter,2002). Using the regression model the authors quantified the beliefs and assumptions the conclusion of which is a culmination of historical science supported by this recent research. While  post-positive thinking like Kuhn, Quine, and Popper may differ in view about the empirical method, testing, and paradigm shifts as theories change over time the core belief of epistemological commitment remain comparable. A sentence sums up this article and the accompanying research as it pertains to epistemological belief. Those with a higher level of education are more likely to take on multiple perspectives, withhold decisions until information was available, acknowledge the complexity of everyday issues and were willing to modify thought processes or thinking (Schommer-Aikens, Hutter, 2002). References Delanty, G. Strydom, P. (Eds). (2003). Philosophies of Social Science: The Classic and Contemporary readings. Philadelphia, Pa: Mcgraw-Hill. https://ecampus.phoenix.edu/content/eBookLibrary2/content Feldman, R. (2003). Epistemology. Prentice Hall. The University of Phoenix. https://ecampus.phoenix.edu/content/eBookLibrary2/content. Kuhn, T. (2012). The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago, Il. University of Chicago Press .https://ecampus.phoenix.edu/content/eBookLibrary2/content. Schommer-Aikins, M., Hutter, R. (2002). Epistemological Beliefs and Thinking About Everyday Controversial Issues. Journal Of Psychology, 136(1), 5.https://ecampus.phoenix.edu/content/eBookLibrary2/content. Johnson, P. Duberley, J. (2000). Understanding Management Research: An Introduction to Epistemology. Thousand Oaks CA. Sage Publishing. Prentice Hall. https://ecampus.phoenix.edu/content/eBookLibrary2/content.

Theories for Causes of Aggressive Behaviour

Theories for Causes of Aggressive Behaviour Compare and contrast social and biological accounts of the causes of aggressive behaviour. Aggression is defined as: (a) ‘a quality of anger and determination that makes you ready to attack other people’; (b) ‘violent and attacking behaviour’ (Collins, 2003). Whereas love, friendship and affiliation are positive, adaptive and constructive social influences, aggression is associated with violence, antisocial behaviour and destruction. Examples of aggressive behaviour range from arguments, to road rage, terrorism and war. Aggression then is physical or verbal behaviour that is intended to harm another person. This work examines aggressive behaviour in terms of biological and social-learning processes providing theoretical and research evidence. Ethologists like Konrad Lorenz (2002) have identified several human behaviours, including aggression, that allow animals to gather and keep the fundamental resources for survival, mating, reproducing and caring for children. Discovering, taking and holding a territory provides the background on which the life cycle occurs. Many animals engage in territorial signalling to defend their territory mostly for mating and feeding purposes. Territorial signalling is adaptive because it prevents potentially destructive aggressive behaviours. The majority of animal aggression is due to mating, therefore, natural selection predisposes animals towards aggressive behaviour. Male and female animals compete for mates and patterns of sexual behaviour help us understand various form of aggressive behaviour. Nevertheless, psychologists disagree about which of these biological inferences of other animals are relevant to humans. Evolutionary psychologists claim that they do apply to humans and postulate that territorial behaviour exists both in humans and in animals for the same reasons (Barkow, Cosmides Tooby, 1992). Most adults attempt to restrict their mate’s sexual activities, using territorial signalling and emotional displays. For example, jealousy and aggression during courtship and mating are seen in arguments (territorial signalling) and physical fighting (when signalling fails). This is obvious in that men in many cultures and subcultures continue to think of their wives as property – part of the territory they defend. Furthermore, comparison studies of identical twins that were brought up together and apart reveal a genetic effect on aggression. Twin studies (Miles Carey, 1997; Rowe, Almeida Jacobson, 1999) and the existence of gender differences (Buss Perry, 1992; Loeber Hay, 1997) support the idea that genes predispose a person towards being aggressive. The presence of the male hormone testosterone is also related to aggression. Laboratory experiments with mice and monkeys have shown that castration both lowers the levels of testosterone and aggressive behaviour. Contrary, the administration of testosterone to castrated animals and normal animals increase aggressive behaviour. Moreover, males who have been imprisoned for violent crimes and who are more violent than others while imprisoned, have higher testosterone levels than less violent prisoners (Dabbs, Carr, Frady Riad, 1995). In order to be able to decide effectively whether children learn aggressive behaviour, the theories of aggression which claim that it is an innate capacity will be considered. The view that aggression is innate comes from the fact that few parents actually teach their children to be aggressive. However, Bandura’s (1971) early work indicated that children who have seen another person behaving aggressively will be increasingly likely to demonstrate aggressive behaviour. Later he proposed that aggression is actually something we learn to demonstrate because it seems to be useful to us. The likelihood of children imitating the behaviour will increase if they see the person being rewarded (reinforced) for their aggression by getting what they want. For example, a child who has become a very aggressive bully at school because he has learned that he will get what he wants. Where has he learned to be aggressive? Bandura (1971) argues that children learn by seeing others behaving aggre ssively during their childhood, or adolescence, through their own experience of being bullied or through observation of the media. Knowing that we learn by observation is relevant to what we see on television. A number of studies have been conducted to discover whether television and cinema violence really does result in violent behaviour. Bandura (1971) reported that children who watched a video of other children punching an inflated stand-up toy (a ‘Bobo doll’) were more likely than others to behave in the same way when given the opportunity. In a follow-up to Bandura’s studies, children who watched ‘Mighty Morphin Power Rangers’ later imitated these character’s Karate kicks and mimicked their violent acts during play sessions with peers (Boyatzis, Matillo Nesbitt, 1995). Considering boys play which tends to include wrestling and fighting, Geary (1999) has claimed that play patterns represent an evolved adaptation that prepares boys for hunting and primitive warfare. Several researchers have reported short-term effects of television violence: young children (Singer Singer, 1986) and adolescents (Wood et al., 1991) behaved more aggressively immediately after watching a violent TV program. The causes of their immediate changes in behaviour were probably a result of heightened arousal and desensitisation from repeated viewings (Gunter McAleer, 1990). Overall, however, research results have been equivocal, suggesting to some psychologists that TV violence may cause less harm than first suspected (McGuire, 1986). Furthermore, environmental influences have been viewed as determinants of aggression. According to the frustration-aggression hypothesis, a person is more likely to become aggressive when frustrated; therefore, aggression is a predictable response to frustration (Dollard, Doob, Miller, Mower Sears, 1939). This theory, though, by itself does not predict aggressive behaviour but, for example, hot weather makes people uncomfortable and this result into some people behaving aggressively. Triandis (1994) claimed that the relationship between heat and violence is confounded by the gap between rich and poor and by single parent families. On the whole, research evidence supports that both biological and social learning approaches explain aggressive behaviour as internal and external influences respectively. Twin studies and differences in the way boys and girls play indicate a strong biological foundation for aggressive behaviour. People with higher levels of testosterone are more aggressive than those with lower levels. In addition, heat, poor economic conditions and TV violence are all associated with increases in violent behaviour. Nevertheless, it has been argued that some cultures are more aggressive than others. A person is 80 percent less likely to be murdered in Canada than in the United States (United Nations, 1997). The socio-biological approach postulates that genes interact with culture to produce unique examples of aggressive behaviour. References Bandura, A. (1971). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Boyatzis, C. J., Matillo G.M. Nesbitt, K. M. (1995). Effects of the ‘Mighty Morphin Power Rangers’ on childrens aggression with peers. Child Study Journal, 25, 45-55. Buss, A. H. Perry, M. (1992). The aggression questionnaire. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 42-459. Collins, Cobuild (2003). Advanced learners English dictionary. Glasgow: HarperCollins Publishers. Cosmides, L. Tooby, J. (1992). Cognitive adaptations for social exchange. In J. Barkow, L. Cosmides, J. Tooby (Eds.), The adapted mind: Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture. New York: Oxford University Press. Dabbs, J. M., Carr, T. S., Frady R. L . Riad, J. K. (1995). Testosterone, crime and misbehaviour among 692 male prison inmates. Personality and Individual Differences, 18, 627-633. Dollard, J., Doob, L.W., Miller, N. E., Mower O.H. Sears, R. R. (1939). Frustration and aggression. New Haven: Yale University Press. Geary, D. C. (1999). Evolution and developmental sex differences. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 8, 115-120. Gunter, B. McAleer, J. (1990). Children and television: the one-eyed monster. London: Routledge. Konrad, L. (2002). Man Meets Dog. London: Routledge. Loeber, R. Hay, D. (1997). Key issues in the development of aggression and violence from childhood to early adulthood. Annual Review of Psychology, 48, 371-410. Miles, D. R. Carey, G. (1997). Genetics and environmental architecture of human aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 207-217. Rowe, D. C., Almeida D. M. Jacobson, K. C. (1999). School context and genetic influences on aggression in adolescence. Psychological Science, 10, 277-280. Singer, J. L. Singer, D. G. (1986). Family experiences and television viewing as predictors of children’s imagination, restlessness and aggression. Journal of Social Issues, 42, 7-28. Triandis, H. C. (1994). Culture and social behaviour. New York: McGraw-Hill. United Nations (1997). Information. United Nations Statistics Division. Available: http://unstats.un.org/unsd/default.htm Wood, W., Wong, F. Chachere J. G. (1991). Effects of media violence on viewer’s aggression in unconstrained social interaction. Psychological Bulletin, 109, 371-383.